Archive for August 6th, 2014

Using a polar bond to flip: a follow up project.

Wednesday, August 6th, 2014

In my earlier post on the topic, I discussed how inverting the polarity of the C-X bond from X=O to X=Be could flip the stereochemical course of the electrocyclic pericyclic reaction of a divinyl system. An obvious question would be: what happens at the half way stage, ie X=CH2? Well, here is the answer. divinylketon CH2 The reaction occurs in two stages (ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p)/SCRF=dichloromethane)[1] but overall is a concerted, albeit asynchronous, reaction. The initial stage is a conrotatory ring closure (as observed with X=O but opposite to X=Be), and reaching what we will call a HI (hidden intermediate). This HI clearly has zwitterionic character, and manifests its presence most obviously at IRC = -3.5 below. CH2CH2G The polarity of this HI is revealed by the dipole moment (6D) and molecular electrostatic potentials, below. The dipole vector goes from -ve to +ve, and the MEP clearly reveals the polarity below. cd7 C2-MEP This ionic HI however is not stable, and in the second stage of the reaction collapses to the neutral bicyclic hydrocarbon shown below. Overall, it amounts to a  2+2 cycloaddition, but with a very unusual pathway in which one C-C bond is very much formed before the other (which is how the reaction escapes the clutches of the Woodward-Hoffmann forbidden-ness). cd8 Why is all this worth this follow-up? Well, one can now start to “design” the reaction. All three carbon atoms with formal charges can be stabilised or destabilised with appropriate substituents. It should not be too difficult to stabilise out the HI into just an I(intermediate), or indeed to remove it from the profile. Nice perhaps for a group of students, who can partition up the substituents amongst themselves and discover if they have the desired effect. And would any of this tinkering change the stereochemical outcome?

References

  1. H.S. Rzepa, "Gaussian Job Archive for C6H8", 2014. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1128205

Data galore! 134 kilomolecules.

Wednesday, August 6th, 2014

I do go on a lot about the importance of having modern access to data. And so the appearance of this article[1] immediately struck me as important. It is appropriately enough in the new journal Scientific Data. The data contain computed properties at the B3LYP/6-31G(2df,p) level for 133,885 species with up to nine heavy atoms, and the entire data set has its own DOI[2]. The data is generated by subjecting a molecule set to a number of validation protocols, including obtaining relaxed (optimised) geometries at the B3LYP/6-31G(2df,p) level. It would be good to replicate this set with inclusion of a functional that also includes dispersion, and of course making the coordinates all available in this manner greatly facilitates this. The collection also includes data for e.g. 6095 constitutional isomers of C7H10O2, which reminds me of an early, delightfully entitled, article adopting such an approach in quantum chemistry[3]. Such collections are an important part of the process of validating computational methods[4] This way of publishing data does raise some interesting discussion points.

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References

  1. R. Ramakrishnan, P.O. Dral, M. Rupp, and O.A. von Lilienfeld, "Quantum chemistry structures and properties of 134 kilo molecules", Scientific Data, vol. 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2014.22
  2. Raghunathan Ramakrishnan., P. Dral, P.O. Dral, M. Rupp, and O. Anatole Von Lilienfeld., "Quantum chemistry structures and properties of 134 kilo molecules", 2014. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.978904
  3. P.P. Bera, K.W. Sattelmeyer, M. Saunders, H.F. Schaefer, and P.V.R. Schleyer, "Mindless Chemistry", The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 110, pp. 4287-4290, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp057107z
  4. P. Murray-Rust, H.S. Rzepa, J.J.P. Stewart, and Y. Zhang, "A global resource for computational chemistry", Journal of Molecular Modeling, vol. 11, pp. 532-541, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-005-0278-1