{"id":6543,"date":"2012-04-30T11:28:38","date_gmt":"2012-04-30T10:28:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ch.imperial.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=6543"},"modified":"2020-06-09T17:14:07","modified_gmt":"2020-06-09T16:14:07","slug":"the-dieneone-phenol-controversies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=6543","title":{"rendered":"The Dieneone-phenol controversies."},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

During the 1960s, a holy grail of synthetic chemists was to devise an efficient route to steroids. R. B. Woodward was one the chemists who undertook this challenge, starting from compounds known as dienones (e.g.<\/em> 1<\/strong>) and their mysterious conversion to phenols (e.g.<\/em> 2<\/strong> or 3<\/strong>) under acidic conditions. This was also the golden era of mechanistic exploration, which coupled with an abundance of radioactive isotopes from the war effort had ignited the great dienone-phenol debates of that time (now largely forgotten). In a classic recording from the late 1970s, Woodward muses<\/a>\u00a0how chemistry had changed since he started in the early 1940s. In particular he notes how crystallography had revolutionised the reliability and speed of molecular structure determination. Here I speculate what he might have made of modern computational chemistry, and in particular whether it might cast new light on those mechanistic controversies of the past.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Charting the mechanistic pathway connecting 1<\/strong> and 2<\/strong> was first done by Capsi[1]<\/a><\/span> using 14<\/sup>C labels (*<\/span> in the diagram above, on a steroid derivative), \u00a0when after claimed selective Birch reduction of the\u00a0blue<\/span>\u00a0double bond in 2<\/strong>, alkene ozonolysis and decarboxylative loss of *<\/span>, all<\/strong> the radioactivity ended up in the C<\/span>O2<\/sub>. This\u00a0showed[2]<\/a><\/span> that the mechanism involved path (a). For paths (b) or (c), the label would have ended up at\u00a0* and hence not oxidatively lost as CO2<\/sub><\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0Futaki[3]<\/a><\/span> did the experiment in a different way, putting his 14<\/sup>C label in the position\u00a0* where he\u00a0<\/span><\/span>found that only about half of the label was retained in this position (and then lost when he specifically degraded 2<\/strong> by oxidatively removing that carbon). This now strongly implicated path (b), and also seemed to disprove not only path (a) but also mechanism (c), where a [1,5] shift should have retained the label at the original position (and caused all of it to be lost upon decarboxylation). It was these two apparently contradictory results that helped ignite the controversies.<\/p>\n

All the routes (a)-(e) above involve pericyclic\u00a0sigmatropic reactions, the understanding of which was about to be revolutionised by Woodward (with Hoffmann) in the mid 1960s. In fact, the mechanism here comprises a mixture of [1,2] cationic sigmatropic migrations and [1,5] neutral sigmatropic migrations. To balance one against the other, can computational chemistry come to the rescue? I first note that the mechanisms above are all shown as cations. Until recently, a computational chemist would simply set the charge on their model to +1 and proceed onwards and upwards. But now we can do a bit better. We can (arguably we always should) include the counterion, and so in my own exploration, I have included a perchlorate anion, and the whole study then becomes one of a neutral system (charge =0), a zwitterion. A B3LYP\/6-311G(d,p) model with SCRF=water continuum solvent was employed. Let us see what emerges:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Path (a) involves a [1,2] angular methyl (R=Me) migration, which turns out to have \u0394G\u2020<\/sup>28.5<\/a> kcal\/mol. The IRC for this migration is shown below.\u00a0
    \n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/a><\/td>\n\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    The (Wheland) intermediate then loses a proton to give 2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. Path (b) involves an alternative rate-limiting migration of the angular methyl, \u0394G\u2020 <\/sup>30.2<\/a>\u00a0kcal\/mol, followed by two lower energy [1,2] migrations of the ring \u0394G\u2020 <\/sup>27.8<\/a> and 25.3<\/a>,\u00a0via<\/em> a spiro-ring Wheland intermediate (relative energy +3.8 kcal\/mol), and deprotonation to again give 2<\/strong>.
    \n\n\n\n
    \n
    \"\"

    Path b-1. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n
    \"\"

    Path b-2. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n
    \"\"

    Path b-3. Click for \u00a03D<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Notice how the perchlorate counterion is relatively free to change its position relative to the substituents, and not all these positions have been explored here. This stochastic<\/em> problem is an issue with counter ions (more accurately, this problem is almost always massaged away by simply ignoring this counterion. But if its ultimate positioning does matter, then one must argue that its inclusion is essential in order to build a good model).\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. The energy of path (a) is thus seen to be 1.7 kcal\/mol lower than (b\/c), which is sufficient to favour positioning of most of the 14<\/sup>C tracer on *<\/span> rather than *\u00a0and which seems to favour the Capsi mechanism over the Futaki one, although clearly the balance between the two is a fine one. The \u00a0Capsi mechanism does seem to hinge on the observation that \u00a0Birch reduction of \u00a01<\/strong> reduces the blue bond entirely specifically, and the evidence for this does need to be reviewed (in an informatics sense, this evidence is buried in a string of logically connected semantic inferences, each of which may well be contained as a passing comment in a different article).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Regarding the matter of whether\u00a0path (b) or \u00a0path (c) is the better representation, this goes to the heart of whether the path is respectively stepwise or concerted. The barriers for escape out of the spiro-ring intermediate defining the steps in path \u00a0(b) are key. The IRC for a reaction path with a shallow intermediate \u00a0is shown below.\u00a0\"\"<\/a>If the depth of the well it finds itself in imparts sufficient lifetime for it to lose all \u00a0(dynamic) memory<\/a> of where it came from, then the probability of the \u00a0*<\/span> label remaining in its original position is only 50%, since the other (symmetrically equivalent but unlabeled) position may also migrate in the next step. This seems to be the case for path (b), where the intermediate is in quite a deep well (21.5 kcal\/mol for escape<\/a>), and this is consistent with Futaki’s experiment. If the intermediate however were to be in only in a shallow minimum (2-4 kcal\/mol), the momentum it[4]<\/a><\/span> inherits from the previous transition state\u00a0may carry it over to the second stage without scrambling the isotope. For systems such as these, we do encounter a serious limitation of simple transition state theory, and must start to adopt a molecular dynamics approach. This might also apply to the positioning of the counterion, although perhaps less so for the relatively heavy perchlorate. It may also be an interesting issue of electron dynamics. Path (c) formally involves six electrons, path (b) only two. In a previous post<\/a>, I speculated whether the electronic pack size for proton transfer was 4,6 or 8 electrons. Perhaps one day it will be possible to either measure (attosecond spectroscopy<\/a>) or compute the preferred dynamics.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    The points made in the last section come to the fore in a result obtained by Hopff and Drieding (he of the models). They\u00a0confirmed[5]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0the formation of 2<\/strong>\u00a0from\u00a01<\/strong>, and also reported that at 80\u00b0C in 70% perchloric acid,\u00a02<\/strong>\u00a0was itself then converted in two hours to\u00a03<\/strong>. The debate again turns to whether this is accomplished\u00a0via<\/strong>\u00a0path (d) involving 2-electron shifts or path (e) involving a 6-electron shift. No radio-labelling experiments have been reported on this system.\u00a0<\/div>\n
    \u00a0<\/div>\n
    Well, as suspected perhaps, the computational analysis of the dienone-phenol rearrangements has shown the system to be poised on a knife-edge (of chaos). Tiny changes might swing things one way or the other. Adding two further (steroid rings) to \u00a01<\/strong> might of itself change the balance between e.g.<\/em> path (a) and \u00a0path (b). So too might a change of counterion, or indeed solvent. One needs to identify the evidence that selective reduction of 2<\/strong> reduces just the blue bond. If computational chemistry has not (yet) provided a clear-cut resolution to the chemistry of this system, at least it can identify new experiments that might.<\/div>\n
    \n

    Postscript:<\/strong> I posed the question above about\u00a0Capsi’s identification of the reduction product of 2<\/strong>. The two possible products would give different outcomes for whether the *<\/span> label would be lost upon subsequent oxidation or not.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    If the reaction is thermodynamically controlled, then the relative free energies of 3<\/strong> and 4<\/strong> would determine the outcome. A B3LYP\/6-311G(d,p) calculation (in ethanol as solvent, which has a very similar dielectric to liquid ammonia) predicts 4<\/strong> is about 0.3 kcal\/mol lower than 3<\/strong>. This does not suggest that the reaction is going to be particularly regioselective, and of course Capsi’s interpretation depends on the product being entirely 4<\/strong>, with no 3<\/strong> formed.<\/p>\n

    References<\/h2>\n
    1. E. Caspi, and P. Grover, \"Steroids containing ring a aromatic - IV mechanism of the dienone-phenol rearrangement\", Tetrahedron Letters<\/i>, vol. 4, pp. 591-595, 1963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0040-4039(01)90679-3<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
    2. E. Caspi, P.K. Grover, and Y. Shimizu, \"Steroids Containing Ring A Aromatic. VIII. Mechanism of Dienone-Phenol Rearrangement\", Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/i>, vol. 86, pp. 2463-2467, 1964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja01066a032<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
    3. R. Futaki, \"Tracer studies on the mechanism of the dienone-phenol rearrangement with mineral acids\", Tetrahedron Letters<\/i>, vol. 8, pp. 2455-2458, 1967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0040-4039(00)90831-1<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
    4. J.A. Nummela, and B.K. Carpenter, \"Nonstatistical Dynamics in Deep Potential Wells:\u2009 A Quasiclassical Trajectory Study of Methyl Loss from the Acetone Radical Cation\", Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/i>, vol. 124, pp. 8512-8513, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja026230q<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
    5. W.H. Hopff, and A.S. Dreiding, \"A New Rearrangement of ar\u2010Tetralols with Perchloric Acid\", Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English<\/i>, vol. 4, pp. 690-690, 1965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.196506901<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      During the 1960s, a holy grail of synthetic chemists was to devise an efficient route to steroids. R. B. Woodward was one the chemists who undertook this challenge, starting from compounds known as dienones (e.g. 1) and their mysterious conversion to phenols (e.g. 2 or 3) under acidic conditions. This was also the golden era […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":5,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[135,34,2651,2650,834,833],"ppma_author":[2661],"class_list":["post-6543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemical-it","category-interesting-chemistry","tag-computational-chemist","tag-computational-chemistry","tag-historical","tag-pericyclic","tag-sigmatropic-shifts","tag-tracer-labelling"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Dieneone-phenol controversies. - Henry Rzepa's Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=6543\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Dieneone-phenol controversies. - Henry Rzepa's Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During the 1960s, a holy grail of synthetic chemists was to devise an efficient route to steroids. 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