{"id":3641,"date":"2011-03-08T17:50:06","date_gmt":"2011-03-08T17:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ch.imperial.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=3641"},"modified":"2015-12-12T07:57:32","modified_gmt":"2015-12-12T07:57:32","slug":"monastral-the-colour-of-blue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=3641","title":{"rendered":"Monastral: the colour of blue"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

The story of Monastral is not about a character in the Magic flute, but is a classic of chemical serendipity, collaboration between industry and university, theoretical influence, and of much else. Fortunately, much of that story is actually recorded on film (itself a unique archive dating from 1933 and being one of the \u00a0very first colour films in existence!). Patrick Linstead, a young chemist then (he eventually rose to become rector of Imperial College) tells the story himself here<\/a>. It is well worth watching, if only for its innocent social commentary on the English class system (and an attitude to laboratory safety that should not be copied nowadays). Here I will comment only on its colour and its aromaticity.
\n

\"\"<\/a>

Copper phthalocyanine<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

In 1933, H\u00fcckel was still thinking about his molecular orbital electronic theory of benzene, but for ~15 years, there remained little need for the rule we now know as 4n+2<\/a><\/strong>, because n was invariably equal to 1 for most known aromatic molecules! It was only the discovery of so-called non-benzenoid aromatics in the 1940s (e.g.<\/em> Dewar’s tropolone structure<\/a>) that propelled chemists to identify aromatic molecules with other values of n. And Monastral blue<\/a> is a prime example of n=4 (although it would be of interest to find out when it became so associated with the\u00a0H\u00fcckel rule). If you count the red bonds above, there are eight, along with one lone pair of electrons located on the highlighted (blue) nitrogen atom. This makes\u00a018<\/strong> \u03c0-electrons in the ring, or 4×4+2\u00a0(there are paths other than the one shown, but they give the same count). Part of the reason for the remarkable thermal stability of this molecule must be its aromaticity.<\/p>\n

So what about the colour? The visible spectrum is shown below, with \u03bbmax<\/sub> ~ 610 and 710nm.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Visible absorption spectrum of copper phthalocyanine.<\/p><\/div>\n

Well, a TD-DFT \u03c9B97Xd\/6-31G(d)<\/a> calculation reveals the following. This reproduces the band at 610nm very nicely, but leaves the identity of the band at \u00a0710nm mysterious.\u00a0How does that originate? One might speculate that this could arise from the presence of another species. Thus copper phthalocyanine itself is neutral, but it could easily be oxidised to a cation, and this could then form a \u00a01:1 \u03c0-complex with a second molecule of the neutral radical (DOI:10.1021\/ja00238a021<\/a> )
\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The electronic excitation at ~610nm arises from the following MOs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"

Orbital 147, the highest occupied MO (HOMO). Click for 3D<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n

\n
\"\"

Orbital 148, the lowest unoccupied MO. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The unpaired electron in copper phthalocyanine occupies the following rather interesting orbital, which appears not to be involved in its blue colour.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Orbital 146. The singly occupied MO. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div>\n

So, just as with mauveine<\/a>, a mystery remains. The colour of Monastral blue is not monochromatic, in that it appears to be caused by two bands in the 600-700 region. Calculation however reveals it to have only one band at 610nm. What is the other one?<\/p>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The story of Monastral is not about a character in the Magic flute, but is a classic of chemical serendipity, collaboration between industry and university, theoretical influence, and of much else. Fortunately, much of that story is actually recorded on film (itself a unique archive dating from 1933 and being one of the \u00a0very first […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":5,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4],"tags":[474,937,2651,78,1549,37,215,473,475,477,1604,1605,1606,936,935],"ppma_author":[2661],"class_list":["post-3641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interesting-chemistry","tag-18-electron-aromaticity","tag-chemical-serendipity","tag-historical","tag-html","tag-html-element","tag-imperial-college","tag-missouri","tag-monastral-blue","tag-patrick-linstead","tag-phthalocyanine","tag-phthalocyanine-blue-bn","tag-phthalocyanines","tag-pigments","tag-rector","tag-young-chemist"],"yoast_head":"\nMonastral: the colour of blue - Henry Rzepa's Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=3641\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Monastral: the colour of blue - Henry Rzepa's Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The story of Monastral is not about a character in the Magic flute, but is a classic of chemical serendipity, collaboration between industry and university, theoretical influence, and of much else. 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The issue was its colour, and more specifically why this pigment has two peaks \u03bbmax 610 and 710nm making it blue. The first was accurately reproduced by calculation on the monomer, but the second was absent with\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.ch.imperial.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/stacked-mb.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3670,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=3670","url_meta":{"origin":3641,"position":1},"title":"From the colour blue to molecular wires","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"March 9, 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"In the previous post I pondered the colour of Monastral blue (copper phthalocyanine). Something did not quite fit, and so I speculated that perhaps some oxidation of the pigment might give a new species. 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As part of the move\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":14984,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=14984","url_meta":{"origin":3641,"position":4},"title":"The atom and the molecule: A one-day symposium on 23 March, 2016 celebrating Gilbert N. Lewis.","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"December 11, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"You might have noticed the occasional reference here to the upcoming centenary of the publication of Gilbert N. Lewis' famous article entitled \"The atom and the molecule\". A symposium exploring his\u00a0scientific impact and legacy\u00a0will be held in London on March 23, 2016, exactly 70 years to the day since his\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":13243,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=13243","url_meta":{"origin":3641,"position":5},"title":"The demographics of a blog readership – updated","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"January 8, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"About two years ago, I posted on the distribution of readership of this blog. The passage of time has increased\u00a0this from 144 to 176 countries. There are apparently between 189-196 such, so not quite yet complete coverage! Of course, it is the nature of the beast that whilst we can\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=1"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"authors":[{"term_id":2661,"user_id":1,"is_guest":0,"slug":"admin","display_name":"Henry Rzepa","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/897b6740f7f599bca7942cdf7d7914af5988937ae0e3869ab09aebb87f26a731?s=96&d=blank&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3641"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15044,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3641\/revisions\/15044"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3641"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fppma_author&post=3641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}