{"id":13394,"date":"2015-02-14T16:26:25","date_gmt":"2015-02-14T16:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ch.imperial.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=13394"},"modified":"2023-09-16T18:08:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T17:08:05","slug":"how-many-water-molecules-does-it-take-to-ionise-hcl","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=13394","title":{"rendered":"How many water molecules does it take to ionise HCl?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

According to Guggemos, Slavicek and Kresin, about 5-6![1]<\/a><\/span>. This is one of those simple ideas, which is probably quite tough to do experimentally. It involved blasting water vapour through a pinhole, adding HCl and\u00a0measuring the dipole-moment induced deflection by an electric field. They\u00a0found\u00a0“evidence for a noticeable rise in the dipole moment occurring at\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>n<\/span>\u2248<\/span>5<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span><\/em><\/strong>6<\/em><\/strong>“.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Modelling the structures takes little time. So here are some \u03c9B97XD\/6-311++G(2d,2p) gas phase models. I state at the outset that these are not dynamic-stochastic models, averaged over many conformations, but a static picture of individual poses. As usual, click on individual images to obtain an interactive 3D model (Java required).‡<\/sup><\/p>\n

n=1.[2]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment 3.7D<\/p>\n

\"hcl+1h2o\"<\/p>\n

n=2.[3]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment\u00a02.4D. Note how the O…H bond becomes shorter.<\/p>\n

\"hcl+2h2o\"<\/p>\n

n=3.[4]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment\u00a02.5D. Note how the key O..H bond is contracting rapidly, as are the other H-bond interactions. This is the cyclic polarisation effect, where each bond influences the others. We are starting to approach the formation of H3<\/sub>O+<\/sup> and Cl–<\/sup>!<\/p>\n

\"hcl+3h2o\"<\/p>\n

n=4.[5]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment\u00a02.3 D, We have two ways to add the next water molecule, firstly to try to stabilise the H3<\/sub>O+<\/sup>.\u00a0Nope.<\/p>\n

\"hcl+4h2o\"<\/p>\n

n=4,[5]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment\u00a01.1 D. Better by solvating the\u00a0Cl–<\/sup>!\u00a0The proton originally attached to the Cl is now starting its transfer to the water to form that hydronium cation, but the dipole moment is not yet large.<\/p>\n

\"hcl+4h2o1\"<\/p>\n

n=5.[6]<\/a><\/span> Dipole moment\u00a04.7D. The ionisation is almost complete\u00a0and the dipole moment is on the increase.<\/p>\n

\"5\"<\/p>\n

n=6.[7]<\/a><\/span> The dipole moment is up to 8.2D and the three H-O bonds of the hydronium cation are almost all equal in length.<\/p>\n

\"6\"<\/p>\n

A cautionary observation though. The isomer below for n=6[8]<\/a><\/span> is lower in energy by \u0394G -1.2 kcal\/mol, and its dipole moment is only 2.5D! The charges (summed onto heavy atoms) show the chloride to have -0.88 and the hydronium cation +0.88, so it is a true ion-pair, despite its dipole moment.<\/p>\n

\"6a\"<\/p>\n

So these calculations do indeed appear\u00a0to confirm that 5-6 water molecules are required to ionise\u00a0HCl.\u00a0But it does raise the interesting issue that even for n=6, there are poses for the assembly which have low dipole moments. Clearly of course the observed dipole moment is a dynamic average over many conformations of similar energy but the prediction that some of these\u00a0may have low dipole moments should be noted.<\/p>\n

\n

‡<\/sup> If you right-click in the 3D model area, you can bring down a list of vibrational modes for each complex from the first item of the pop-up menu that appears (labelled model). You might wish to e.g. explore how the H-Cl stretch vibration changes as the ionisation increases.<\/p>\n

\n

Acknowledgments<\/h4>\n

This post has been cross-posted in PDF format at Authorea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n
  1. N. Guggemos, P. Slav\u00ed\u010dek, and V.V. Kresin, \"Electric Dipole Moments of Nanosolvated Acid Molecules in Water Clusters\", Physical Review Letters<\/i>, vol. 114, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.114.043401<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  2. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 3 Cl 1 O 1\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189758<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  3. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 5 Cl 1 O 2\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189760<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  4. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 7 Cl 1 O 3\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189759<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  5. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 9 Cl 1 O 4\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189763<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  6. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 11 Cl 1 O 5\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189756<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  7. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 13 Cl 1 O 6\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189761<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n
  8. H.S. Rzepa, \"H 13 Cl 1 O 6\", 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14469\/ch\/189764<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    According to Guggemos, Slavicek and Kresin, about 5-6!. This is one of those simple ideas, which is probably quite tough to do experimentally. It involved blasting water vapour through a pinhole, adding HCl and\u00a0measuring the dipole-moment induced deflection by an electric field. They\u00a0found\u00a0“evidence for a noticeable rise in the dipole moment occurring at\u00a0n\u22485\u20136“. Modelling the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":5,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4,1086],"tags":[24,1319,487,74,203],"ppma_author":[2661],"class_list":["post-13394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interesting-chemistry","category-reaction-mechanism-2","tag-energy","tag-gas-phase-models","tag-java","tag-pence","tag-similar-energy"],"yoast_head":"\nHow many water molecules does it take to ionise HCl? - Henry Rzepa's Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=13394\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How many water molecules does it take to ionise HCl? - Henry Rzepa's Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"According to Guggemos, Slavicek and Kresin, about 5-6!. This is one of those simple ideas, which is probably quite tough to do experimentally. It involved blasting water vapour through a pinhole, adding HCl and\u00a0measuring the dipole-moment induced deflection by an electric field. They\u00a0found\u00a0“evidence for a noticeable rise in the dipole moment occurring at\u00a0n\u22485\u20136“. 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This idea seems to originate from a famous article written in 1964 by the legendary organic chemist, Robert Burns Woodward. This structure has propagated on to Wikipedia and is found in many other sources. With\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MEP-1024x749.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":17279,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=17279","url_meta":{"origin":13394,"position":1},"title":"The dipole moments of highly polar molecules: glycine zwitterion.","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"December 24, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The previous posts produced discussion about the dipole moments of highly polar molecules. 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The Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement as part of a prostaglandin synthesis.","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"November 23, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"This reaction emerged a few years ago (thanks Alan!) as a tutorial problem in organic chemistry, in which students had to devise a mechanism for the reaction and use this to predict the stereochemical outcome at the two chiral centres indicated with *. \u00a0It originates in a brief report from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"Click for 3D","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/green.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":15924,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=15924","url_meta":{"origin":13394,"position":3},"title":"How many water molecules does it take to form ammonium hydroxide from ammonia and water?","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"March 20, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"This is a corollary to the previous post\u2021 exploring how many molecules are needed to ionise HCl. Here I am asking how many water molecules are required to form the ionic ammonium hydroxide from ammonia and water. As Wikipedia will inform you, \"it is actually impossible to isolate samples of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=1"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":19550,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=19550","url_meta":{"origin":13394,"position":4},"title":"A record polarity for a neutral compound?","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"April 13, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"In several posts a year or so ago I considered various suggestions for the most polar neutral molecules, as measured by the dipole moment. A record had been claimed for a synthesized molecule of ~14.1\u00b10.7D. I pushed this to a calculated 21.7D for an admittedly hypothetical and unsynthesized molecule. Here\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":17205,"url":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=17205","url_meta":{"origin":13394,"position":5},"title":"Molecules of the year? The most polar neutral compound synthesized…","author":"Henry Rzepa","date":"December 18, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"This, the fourth candidate provided by C&EN for a vote for the molecule of the year\u00a0as discussed here,\u00a0lays claim to the World's most polar neutral molecule (system 1 shown below). Here I explore\u00a0a strategy for extending that record. The claim for 1 (3 in\u00a0) is on the basis of its\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Interesting chemistry"","block_context":{"text":"Interesting chemistry","link":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?cat=4"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"authors":[{"term_id":2661,"user_id":1,"is_guest":0,"slug":"admin","display_name":"Henry Rzepa","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/897b6740f7f599bca7942cdf7d7914af5988937ae0e3869ab09aebb87f26a731?s=96&d=blank&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13394"}],"version-history":[{"count":43,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13394\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26451,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13394\/revisions\/26451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13394"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fppma_author&post=13394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}